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I Accept Show Purposes. Table of Contents View All. Table of Contents. What Is Perception? Types of Perception. How It Works. Impact of Perception. Tips and Tricks. Potential Pitfalls.
History of Perception. Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization. Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! Sign Up. What are your concerns? Between stereotypes, objects or people are as different from each other as possible. Within stereotypes, objects or people are as similar to each other as possible. While our tendency to group stimuli together helps us to organize our sensations quickly and efficiently, it can also lead to misguided perceptions.
Stereotypes become dangerous when they no longer reflect reality, or when they attribute certain characteristics to entire groups. They can contribute to bias, discriminatory behavior, and oppression. Interpretation, the final stage of perception, is the subjective process through which we represent and understand stimuli. In the interpretation stage of perception, we attach meaning to stimuli.
Each stimulus or group of stimuli can be interpreted in many different ways. Interpretation refers to the process by which we represent and understand stimuli that affect us. Our interpretations are subjective and based on personal factors. It is in this final stage of the perception process that individuals most directly display their subjective views of the world around them.
Cultural values, needs, beliefs, experiences, expectations, involvement, self-concept, and other personal influences all have tremendous bearing on how we interpret stimuli in our environment. Prior experience plays a major role in the way a person interprets stimuli. For example, an individual who has experienced abuse might see someone raise their hand and flinch, expecting to be hit. That is their interpretation of the stimulus a raised hand.
Someone who has not experienced abuse but has played sports, however, might see this stimulus as a signal for a high five. Different individuals react differently to the same stimuli, depending on their prior experience of that stimuli.
Culture provides structure, guidelines, expectations, and rules to help people understand and interpret behaviors. Ethnographic studies suggest there are cultural differences in social understanding, interpretation, and response to behavior and emotion.
Cultural scripts dictate how positive and negative stimuli should be interpreted. Another example is that Eastern cultures typically perceive successes as being arrived at by a group effort, while Western cultures like to attribute successes to individuals. In one experiment, students were allocated to pleasant or unpleasant tasks by a computer.
They were told that either a number or a letter would flash on the screen to say whether they were going to taste orange juice or an unpleasant-tasting health drink. In fact, an ambiguous figure stimulus was flashed on screen, which could either be read as the letter B or the number 13 interpretation.
When the letters were associated with the pleasant task, subjects were more likely to perceive a letter B, and when letters were associated with the unpleasant task they tended to perceive a number Similarly, a classic psychological experiment showed slower reaction times and less accurate answers when a deck of playing cards reversed the color of the suit symbol for some cards e.
This term describes the collection of beliefs people have about themselves, including elements such as intelligence, gender roles, sexuality, racial identity, and many others. If I believe myself to be an attractive person, I might interpret stares from strangers stimulus as admiration interpretation. However, if I believe that I am unattractive, I might interpret those same stares as negative judgments.
Perceptual constancy is perceiving objects as having constant shape, size, and color regardless of changes in perspective, distance, and lighting. When you walk away from an object, have you noticed how the object gets smaller in your visual field, yet you know that it actually has not changed in size? Perceptual constancy is the tendency to see familiar objects as having standard shape, size, color, or location, regardless of changes in the angle of perspective, distance, or lighting.
The impression tends to conform to the object as it is assumed to be, rather than to the actual stimulus presented to the eye. Perceptual constancy is responsible for the ability to identify objects under various conditions by taking these conditions into account during mental reconstitution of the image. Even though the retinal image of a receding automobile shrinks in size, a person with normal experience perceives the size of the object to remain constant.
One of the most impressive features of perception is the tendency of objects to appear stable despite their continually changing features: we have stable perceptions despite unstable stimuli. Such matches between the object as it is perceived and the object as it is understood to actually exist are called perceptual constancies. There are many common visual and perceptual constancies that we experience during the perception process. The perception of the image is still based upon the actual size of the perceptual characteristics.
The visual perception of size constancy has given rise to many optical illusions. The Ponzo illusion : This famous optical illusion uses size constancy to trick us into thinking the top yellow line is longer than the bottom; they are actually the exact same length.
Or, perhaps more accurately, the actual shape of the object is sensed by the eye as changing but then perceived by the brain as the same. This happens when we watch a door open: the actual image on our retinas is different each time the door swings in either direction, but we perceive it as being the same door made of the same shapes.
Shape constancy : This form of perceptual constancy allows us to perceive that the door is made of the same shapes despite different images being delivered to our retinae.
This refers to the relationship between apparent distance and physical distance. An example of this illusion in daily life is the moon.
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