Economic and social history is a historical social science discipline that explores economic and social phenomena over time. It offers tools based on historical and social scientific research to better understand the past and the contemporary world. Current research focuses on the following: Long-term economic development Differences in income and wealth Welfare Consumption and everyday life Life course, generations and minorities. Research projects Some project names are in Finnish.
Laura Ekholm: Comparative analysis of entrepreneurial networks of ready-to-wear industry in the 20th century Sweden and Finland. Degree programmes that offer teaching in economic and social history. Life expectancy at birth is found to cause GDP growth rather than the other way around.
Also, education and access to sanitation facilities are found to cause GDP growth with no sign of feedback from these social and environmental indicators to GDP. A bidirectional relationship is found between access to drinking water and GDP growth. GDP is also found to cause carbon dioxide emissions rather than the other way around. Trade openness is found to cause GDP growth with no sign of feedback from growth to trade openness as reported in Table As for the causal relationships among the social and environmental indicators, we report the most notable and significant relationships.
Education is found to cause investment. There exists a bidirectional relationship between access to sanitation facilities and investment. Both access to sanitation facilities and education are found to cause unemployment. Unemployment is found to cause access to drinking water. Both carbon dioxide emissions and trade openness are found to cause unemployment. Interestingly, a bidirectional causal relationship is found between life expectancy and education, which indicates the importance of investing simultaneously in both sectors.
A unidirectional relationship is detected to run from life expectancy at birth to access to sanitation facilities, access to drinking water, access to electricity, and carbon dioxide emissions.
Access to sanitation facilities is found to cause education, access to drinking water, and carbon dioxide emissions. Education is found to cause access to drinking water, access to electricity, and carbon dioxide emissions.
A bidirectional relationship is detected between access to drinking water and access to sanitation facilities indicating the proximity of these variables to one another. Trade openness is found to cause access to sanitation facilities which might indicate the importance of imported goods to the improvement of sanitation facilities. Access to drinking water is found to cause access to electricity.
Only significant causal relations between social and environmental dimensions of development are extracted and reported in Table In the light of our findings on the performance of Sudan on socioeconomic components of development, we make some projections for the period of — Projections are made according to the values of indicators in compared with that in Projections are summarized in Table This study is a synthesis of arguments on economic, social, and environmental dimensions of development with empirical testing in the case of Sudan.
The outcome of the study confirms that social and environmental indicators, together with investment, un employment, and trade openness, lead to economic growth measured by GDP and not the vice versa.
That is, in whatsoever level of economic development achieved, the social progress indicators have been the main sources and not the factors of production as conventionally subtracted in physical capital and formal labor.
This social factor-based economic development has also been backed with the use of natural environmental assets and amenities. Such findings have important policy implications for achieving development as an objective and on rethinking the real factor that has been leading to economic development in low-income countries such as Sudan, regardless of how small it has been.
Although our findings are more on aggregate measures, they are in conformity with Hassan et al. Accordingly we make the following general recommendations:. Spending on health and education has to be increased and be reverted in a social finance transition from a predominantly heavily burdened private and household sector to the government. Access to basic sanitation and drinking water facilities needs to be improved majorly, which contributes to health and education achievements.
There is a need for planned gradual shifting of trade composition from export of environmental and primary products to high value added manufactured goods. On the other hand, there is an urgent need to regulate imports in favor of capital goods and equipments away from the imports of consumption goods particularly the luxurious ones. Efforts to adapt renewable energy sources should be enhanced, particularly in solar and wind energy which can be seen as the most possible investment for expansion access to modern energies in remote and rural areas of Sudan.
These recommendations can be designed into operational polices and can be monitored in line with the guidelines provided by the OECD [ 13 ], in its Policy Framework for Investment. Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3. Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers. Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
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Downloaded: Abstract This chapter aims to investigate how social and environmental progress indicators lead economic indicators of development in Sudan.
Keywords economic growth social progress environmental performance health education Sudan. Introduction Development, however defined and measured, is something that has not been realized in low-income countries. Table 1. Basic statistics. Table 2. Correlation matrix. Table 3. Unit root test results. Table 4. Bound test cointegration: GDP dependent variable. Table 5. VAR lag order selection criteria. Variable Coefficient Std. Diagnosis Stat. Normality 0.
Table 6. ARDL summary results. Table 7. ARDL long-run form. Economic development Economic change is a process in which agriculture, industry, trade, transport, irrigation, power resources etc. It is related to the improvement in the economic condition of people and the country as a whole. Economic development can be achieved by creating employment opportunities to those who are unemployment or by creating better employment opportunities to those who are already employed. Your Practice.
Popular Courses. Part Of. Introduction to Economics. Economic Concepts and Theories. Economic Indicators. Real World Economies. Economy Economics. What Is Social Economics? Key Takeaways Social economics is a branch of economics—and a social science—that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and economics.
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